- 31 Mar, 2021
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Booth multiplier
If you choose to mention the author(s) of a source whilst citing it in the text of your work, if there are three or more you can
abbreviate them using ‘et al.’ e.g. During their research, Fan, et al. [4] discuss lasers in detail. However, in general you do not
need to mention the authors by name, just use the numeric citation in square brackets. In your full reference list at the end
however, you always give the authors’ names. In the reference list you can only abbreviate these using ‘et al.’ if there are six or
more authors.
Reference examples
There are standard reference formats for most types of document. Below are examples of the most common types of document
you might want to reference. Each of the following gives a suggested standard format for the reference followed by examples for
the different document types.
Book
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname, Book Title, edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
[1] I.A. Glover and P.M. Grant, Digital Communications, 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2009.
Book chapter
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname, “Title of chapter in book,” in Book Title, edition (if not first), Editor’s initials.
Editor’s Surname, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, page numbers.
[2] C. W. Li and G. J. Wang, “MEMS manufacturing techniques for tissue scaffolding devices,” in Mems for Biomedical
Applications, S. Bhansali and A. Vasudev, Eds. Cambridge: Woodhead, 2012, pp. 192-217.
Electronic Book
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname. (Year, Month Day). Book Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Available: URL
[3] W. Zeng, H. Yu, C. Lin. (2013, Dec 19). Multimedia Security Technologies for Digital Rights Management [Online].
Available: http://goo.gl/xQ6doi
Note: If the e-book is a direct equivalent of a print book e.g. in PDF format, you can reference it as a normal print book.
Journal article
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname, “Title of article,” Title of journal abbreviated in Italics, vol. number, issue
number, page numbers, Abbreviated Month Year.
[4] F. Yan, Y. Gu, Y. Wang, C. M. Wang, X. Y. Hu, H. X. Peng, et al., “Study on the interaction mechanism between laser and
rock during perforation,” Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 54, pp. 303-308, Dec 2013.
Note: the above example article is from a journal which does not use issue numbers, so they are not included in the reference.
E-Journal article
PDF versions of journal articles are direct copies of the print edition, so you can cite them as print journals.
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname. (Year, Month). “Title of article.” Journal Title [type of medium]. volume
number, issue number, page numbers if given. Available: URL
[5] M. Semilof. (1996, July). “Driving commerce to the web-corporate intranets and the internet: lines blur”. Communication
Week [Online]. vol. 6, issue 19. Available: http://www.techweb.com/se/directlinkcgi?CWK19960715S0005
When you are compiling your reference list you may abbreviate journal titles:
For a list of IEEE abbreviations go to:
https://www.ieee.org/documents/trans_journal_names.pdf
For non IEEE journal abbreviations go to:
http://www.bath.ac.uk/library/help/infoguides/abbreviations.html
For further information on the common abbreviations of words used in references for the IEEE style go to:
http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf
Conference papers
[Ref number] Author’s initials. Author’s Surname, “Title of paper,” in Name of Conference, Location, Year, pp. xxx.
[6] S. Adachi, T. Horio, T. Suzuki. “Intense vacuum-ultraviolet single-order harmonic pulse by a deep-ultraviolet driving laser,”
in Conf. Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, 2012, pp.2118-2120.
Standard abbreviations may be applied to the title of the conference. For a table of abbreviations go to: