- 15 Mar, 2021
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Research paper
5.1.foxp2
The most factual developmental disorder related to FoxP2 gene is the language impairment. While mainly related to language disorders, FoxP2 is also known to be implicated in the development of schizophrenia in humans. Tolosa (Tolosa et al., 2010) and colleagues established the relationship between FoxP2, language impairment and schizophrenia since schizophrenia is scientifically classified a language related disease (Li et al., 2013). Furthermore, there are two arguments which support the causal links, the first one is that FoxP2 is plausibly linked to language disorders and the second is that it plays a key role in the positive selection of the human lineage (Spiteri et al., 2007). Moreover, the isolation of FoxP2’s transcriptional targets revealed its capacity to regulate the genes related to the development of thalamus identity, genes for the positive selection of the human lineage and most importantly the genes which are implicated in the development of schizophrenia (Vernes et al., 2007, Tolosa et al., 2010, Li et al., 2013).
One studied reported there is graded expression pattern of Foxp2 protein in the thalamic primordium E14 in mice Foxp2 protein expression levels were highest in the posterior region lower in the intermediate region, and lowest in the anterior region of the thalamic primordium. using in situ hybridization. Consistent with the expression pattern of Foxp2 protein, Foxp2 mRNA was abundant in the posterior region and almost absent in the anterior region of the thalamic primordium. at E16 and P2, when thalamic nuclei have been already established, the graded expression pattern of Foxp2 protein in the thalamus was lost, and Foxp2 expression remained in some thalamic nuclei . These results suggest that graded expression patterns are present when thalamic patterning proceeds. The graded expression pattern of Foxp2 led us to hypothesize that Foxp2 plays an important role in thalamic patterning during development. Sssss sugested that Foxp2 is required for the formation of the VP during development when have done mice experiment in Foxp2 (R552H) knockin mice was markedly smaller than in wild-type control mice. Because the VP is located in the posterior region of the thalamus, it seemed plausible that Foxp2 is important for the formation of not only the VP but also other thalamic nuclei located in the posterior region of the thalamus. These results suggest that Foxp2 is important for the formation of thalamic nuclei located in the posterior region of the thalamus in mice . in This study we try to figure out how these genes express in thalamus to form the human thalamic neuclei.
5.3.zic4
The zic genes derived its name through the zinc component of the genes; each members of the zic genes’ family have zinc ‘finger transcription factor’ that influences several developmental processes. Furthermore, they play a significant role in the growth and maturation of the neural tissues or the neural crest. The members of the zic genes also promote the proliferation of the cells. The zic genes are expressed within the postmitotic cells located within the cerebellum and the ganglionic cells of the retina.
Zic4 is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in embryonic mouse nervous system, including the diencephalon, from embryonic day (E)9.5 on (Aruga et al., 1996a,b; Gaston-Massuet et al., 2005). A previous study reported that it is highly expressed in the postnatal LGN (Horng et al., 2009).another study I mice e11 , Zic4 transcripts were detected at highest levels in cells of the prethalamus and the eminentia thalami. In e12 Zic4 transcripts were present more widely, from epithalamus through thalamus and prethalamus to eminentia thalami .Expression levels were still highest in the prethalamus, as at E11.5, but were also strong in the epithalamus. In the thalamus, expression levels were highest in more anterior sections. E12.5 patterns of Zic4 expression were largely maintained as the tissues grew in size over subsequent days up to birth .As thalamic nuclei formed during this period, Zic4 cells became concentrated in the vLGN, around the border between the thalamus and prethalamus, in anterior thalamic regions and in the epithalamus. By birth, the densest concentration of Zic4-lineage cells was in vLGN and the medial habenula of the epithalamus .Their densities were intermediate in other lateral thalamic nuclei such as the dLGN and in the zona incerta (ZI) of the prethalamus. They were low in midline thalamic nuclei such as nucleus reuniens and the rhomboid nucleus, and almost absent from VP thalamic nuclei such as the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) and ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM; These findings indicate that Zic4-lineage diencephalic progenitors contribute their daughter cells mainly to the thalamic nuclei that are close to the boundary between thalamus and prethalamus, particularly to the vLGN but also to others such as the dLGN. The implications of zic4 genes were further described by Merzdorf, Bataller and Grinberg (Bataller et al., 2002, Grinberg et al., 2004, Hatayama et al., 2011, Merzdorf, 2007). The first notable disorder related to zic4 is that the heterozygous deletion of the gene zic4 may result to the Dandy-Walker malformation (Bataller et al., 2002, Grinberg et al., 2004, Hatayama et al., 2011, Merzdorf, 2007